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\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099c\u09be\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b0\u09c7\u09b2\u09aa\u09a5\u09c7 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09b8\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09b9 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u09e7\u09ef\u09ea\u09ed \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09ad\u09be\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0 Eastern Milk Products Company \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a6\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09a8\u09c7\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09e7\u09ef\u09eb\u09e8 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u201cMilk Vita\u201d \u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c1\u09a7 \u0993 \u09a6\u09c1\u0997\u09cd\u09a7\u099c\u09be\u09a4 \u09aa\u09a3\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09be\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u099c\u09be\u09a4 \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 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\u0985\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09ae, \u09b6\u09b9\u09b0\u09be\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09be\u09aa\u09a6 \u09a6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u099f \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u099f \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u0982\u09b6 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7 \u0986\u09ae\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09c3\u09a4 \u0997\u09c1\u0981\u09a1\u09bc\u09cb \u09a6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c7\u09b0 \u0993\u09aa\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09b0\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09aa\u09a1\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a8\u09ac\u0997\u09a0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b2\u09ac\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7, \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1 \u0996\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09b6\u09b8\u09cd\u09af \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u0987 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be; \u099c\u09a8\u0997\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c1\u09a7 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8\u0993 \u09ac\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u0993 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09c3\u09b7\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a1\u09c7\u0987\u09b0\u09bf \u0996\u09be\u09a4\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u09ac\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c1\u09b0<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>\u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u09c0<\/strong><strong> <\/strong><strong>\u09b8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09bf\u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c1 \u09b6\u09c7\u0996 \u09ae\u09c1\u099c\u09bf\u09ac\u09c1\u09b0 \u09b0\u09b9\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09c0\u09a8\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09c0\u09a3 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf \u09aa\u09c1\u09a8\u09b0\u09cd\u0997\u09a0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09ae \u0985\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09ac\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09c3\u09b7\u09bf \u0993 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a3\u09bf\u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09a6 \u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u0995\u09c7 \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09a6\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0 FAO, UNDP \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a1\u09c7\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be DANIDA-\u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b9\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09bf\u09a4\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c1\u0997\u09cd\u09a7 \u0996\u09be\u09a4 \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c3\u09a4 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09b0\u09be \u09b8\u09c1\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u09af\u09c7, \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09c1\u099c\u09b0\u09be\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ab\u09b2 <strong>\u0986\u09a8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6<\/strong><strong> (AMUL) <\/strong><strong>\u09ae\u09a1\u09c7\u09b2<\/strong> \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b8\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u0993 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09b8\u09ae\u09ac\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09a1\u09c7\u0987\u09b0\u09bf \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u0997\u09a1\u09bc\u09c7 \u09a4\u09cb\u09b2\u09be \u0989\u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09c0\u09a8\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0 \u09ad\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09ac\u09b9 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09c0\u09a8\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0 \u09ac\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c1 \u09b6\u09c7\u0996 \u09ae\u09c1\u099c\u09bf\u09ac\u09c1\u09b0 \u09b0\u09b9\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf, \u0995\u09c3\u09b7\u09bf \u09aa\u09c1\u09a8\u09b0\u09cd\u0997\u09a0\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09c0\u09a3 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09b0 \u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09ac\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09a1\u09c7\u0987\u09b0\u09bf \u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">FAO \u0993 DANIDA-\u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b9\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09bf\u09a4\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09ae\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09c1\u099c\u09b0\u09be\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ab\u09b2 \u0986\u09a8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6 \u09ac\u09be AMUL \u09ae\u09a1\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09a6\u09b2\u09c7 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c1\u0997\u09cd\u09a7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09ac\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0997\u09a0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u09b8\u09ae\u09ac\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09ae\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u0995 \u09ad\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09ae<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u09e7\u09ef\u09ed\u09e9 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 Milk Vita Co-operative Dairy Complex \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0, \u09aa\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c0 \u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u0993 \u09b8\u09ae\u09ac\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09be\u09b2\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u0993\u09a4\u09be\u09af\u09bc FAO, DANIDA \u0993 UNDP-\u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b9\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09bf\u09a4\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09cd\u09af \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c1\u09a7 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09be;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a8\u0997\u09a6 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b9 \u09b8\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0986\u09a7\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09c1\u09a7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099c\u09be\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09be;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u09b6\u09b9\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09be\u09aa\u09a6 \u09a6\u09c1\u09a7 \u09aa\u09cc\u0981\u099b\u09be\u09a8\u09cb;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u09aa\u09b6\u09c1\u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be, \u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u099c\u09a8\u09a8 \u0993 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Asto Dairy \u0993 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb Milk Vita-\u098f\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u098f\u0995\u09c0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 Eastern Milk Producers\u2019 Cooperative Union \u0997\u09a0\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09e7\u09ef\u09ee\u09e6 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be\u09ae \u09b9\u09af\u09bc Bangladesh Milk Producers\u2019 Cooperative Union Limited\u2014BMPCUL\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u201c\u09ae\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u0995 \u09ad\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u201d \u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u0987 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf \u09b2\u09be\u09ad \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>AMUL \u09ae\u09a1\u09c7\u09b2 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b8\u09b0\u09a3<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 AMUL \u09ae\u09a1\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09be \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u2014\u09a6\u09c1\u09a7 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u0995\u09c3\u09b7\u0995\u09b0\u09be\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u0995 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09ad\u09cb\u0997\u09c0\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09ac\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09b8\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09b0\u09bf \u0995\u09c3\u09b7\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c1\u09a7 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a1\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a5\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09ae\u09ac\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0997\u09a0\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0995\u09c3\u09b7\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ab\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f \u0993 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09c0 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u09aa\u09b6\u09c1\u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be \u0993 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u099c\u09a8\u09a8\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09be \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09a6\u09c1\u09a7 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09af\u09bc;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u09b2\u09be\u09ad\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0985\u0982\u09b6 \u09b8\u09a6\u09b8\u09cd\u09af\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09c7 \u09ab\u09bf\u09b0\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u098f\u099f\u09bf \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1 \u09a6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09be \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09a8\u09be; \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09c0\u09a3 \u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u0993 \u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09bf\u09ae\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09ae\u09a1\u09c7\u09b2\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09b9\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09bf\u09a4\u09be<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">FAO, DANIDA \u0993 UNDP \u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a1\u09c7\u0987\u09b0\u09bf \u0996\u09be\u09a4\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3 \u0993 \u0985\u09ac\u0995\u09be\u09a0\u09be\u09ae\u09cb\u0997\u09a4 \u09b8\u09b9\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a4\u09be \u09a6\u09c7\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b9\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a4\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf \u09a1\u09c7\u0987\u09b0\u09bf \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09be;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09c1\u09a7 \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u0997\u09be\u09b0;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b9\u09a8\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u099a\u09bf\u09b2\u09bf\u0982 \u09b8\u09c1\u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09be;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09be \u0993 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0997\u09a1\u09bc\u09c7 \u0993\u09a0\u09c7\u0964 \u09e7\u09ef\u09ed\u09ec \u09b8\u09be\u09b2 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09a0\u09bf\u09a4\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c1\u09a7 \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9 \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09b6\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09e9\u09ec \u09b9\u09be\u099c\u09be\u09b0 \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u099b\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09c7\u09a1\u09bc \u0995\u09cb\u099f\u09bf \u09b2\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c1\u09a7 \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u098f\u0995\u099c\u09a8 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09bf \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u09a6\u09c1\u09a7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09a8;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09c0 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7\u09a8;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09ad\u09cb\u0997\u09c0\u09b0 \u0993\u09aa\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09b0\u09a4\u09be \u0995\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09a8;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u099c\u09a8\u09a8 \u0993 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09be 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class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0986\u09a1\u09bc\u0982 \u09a1\u09c7\u0987\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09be<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u099c\u09a8\u09a8 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u09e7\u09ef\u09ee\u09ed \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098f\u09a4\u09c7 \u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09a4 \u0997\u09be\u09ad\u09c0 \u0993 \u09a6\u09c1\u09a7 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09b2\u09c7\u0993 \u09ac\u09be\u099c\u09be\u09b0 \u0993 \u0995\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u09a1 \u099a\u09c7\u0987\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0\u09be \u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u09e8\u09e6\u09e6\u09e6 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u0985\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09b2\u09c7 \u099b\u09cb\u099f, \u09ae\u09be\u099d\u09be\u09b0\u09bf \u0993 \u09ac\u09a1\u09bc \u09ac\u09be\u09a3\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09bf\u0995 \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u09b9\u09b2\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u0987\u09a8 \u09ab\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u099c\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09a8 \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u09b0 \u0997\u09be\u09ad\u09c0;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0989\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09ab\u09b2\u09a8\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2 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\u09b0\u09cb\u0997, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u099c\u09a8\u09a8 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09a4\u09be, \u0996\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09af\u09bc, \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09b8\u0982\u0995\u099f \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a6\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u099d\u09c1\u0981\u0995\u09bf\u0993 \u09ac\u09c7\u09a1\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8 \u0993 \u099a\u09be\u09b9\u09bf\u09a6\u09be<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u09e8\u09e6\u09e8\u09ea\u2013\u09e8\u09eb \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09ac\u099b\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a3\u09bf\u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09a6 \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u09a6\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09a5\u09cd\u09af 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\u09b9\u09af\u09bc?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a8\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09ae\u09cb\u099f \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09a4 \u0985\u0982\u09b6 \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4 \u09ae\u09be\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09a6\u09c1\u09a7 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3 \u0995\u09a4?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8 \u0993 \u099a\u09be\u09b9\u09bf\u09a6\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u099c\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u0995\u09ae\u09b2\u09c7\u0993 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09be\u09aa\u09a6, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099c\u09be\u09a4 \u0993 \u09b8\u09be\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09c0 \u09a6\u09c1\u09a7 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class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u09ea. \u09b0\u09cb\u0997 \u0993 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u09b8\u0982\u0995\u099f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u09ae\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u0987\u099f\u09bf\u09b8, \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c1\u09b0\u09be\u09b0\u09cb\u0997, \u09b2\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09bf \u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09bf\u09a8 \u09a1\u09bf\u099c\u09bf\u099c, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u099c\u09a8\u09a8 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09af\u09be, \u09a8\u09bf\u0989\u09ae\u09cb\u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09be\u099b\u09c1\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a1\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a4\u09bf\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09a8\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u09eb. \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09b9\u09c0\u09a8 \u09b8\u09bf\u09ae\u09c7\u09a8 \u0993 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\u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be, \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u0995\u09b0\u09a3, \u0986\u09ae\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u0993 \u09ac\u09be\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u2014\u09b8\u09ac \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a6\u09c0\u09b0\u09cd\u0998\u09ae\u09c7\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09a6\u09bf \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u09e8. \u09a6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af<\/strong>-\u09ab\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f, \u09b8\u09b2\u09bf\u09a1-\u09a8\u099f-\u09ab\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f, \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0993 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8 \u0996\u09b0\u099a \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09c8\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf \u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09c1 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u09e9. \u0987\u0989\u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9 \u0993 \u099a\u09bf\u09b2\u09bf\u0982 \u09b8\u09c1\u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09be<\/strong>-\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u09a6\u09c1\u09a7 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8 \u098f\u09b2\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u0993 \u09ac\u09be\u09b2\u09cd\u0995 \u09ae\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u0995 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u09eb. \u09ac\u09c8\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u099c\u09be\u09a4 \u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09af\u09bc\u09a8<\/strong>-\u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09a6\u09c1\u09a7 \u09a8\u09af\u09bc\u2014\u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09b8\u09b9\u09a8\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2\u09a4\u09be, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u099c\u09a8\u09a8 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be, \u09a6\u09c0\u09b0\u09cd\u0998 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8\u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09a8 \u0993 \u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u0995\u09c7 \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09a6\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u09ec. \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be \u0993 \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09af\u09bc<\/strong>-\u0989\u09aa\u099c\u09c7\u09b2\u09be 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\u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b8\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u09ef. \u09b8\u09ae\u09ac\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09c1\u09a8\u09b0\u09cd\u0997\u09a0\u09a8<\/strong>-AMUL-\u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u0995-\u09ae\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09a7\u09c0\u09a8 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u099a\u09cd\u099b \u0993 \u09aa\u09c7\u09b6\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09ac\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0997\u09a1\u09bc\u09c7 \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u0986\u09ae\u09b2\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7 \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u0985\u0982\u09b6\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u09e7\u09e6. \u0986\u09ae\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af<\/strong>-\u09ad\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09be\u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09bf \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09bf \u0993 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a8\u0995\u09c7 \u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u09b6\u09c1\u09b2\u09cd\u0995 \u0993 \u0986\u09ae\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0986\u0997\u09be\u09ae\u09c0 \u09e8\u09e6 \u09ac\u099b\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09a8\u09be<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0986\u0997\u09be\u09ae\u09c0 \u09a6\u09c1\u0987 \u09a6\u09b6\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a1\u09c7\u0987\u09b0\u09bf \u09b6\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u09c7 \u09ac\u09a1\u09bc \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u0986\u09b8\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u0986\u09b0\u0993 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09b0 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u0997\u09be\u09ad\u09c0\u09b0 \u0997\u09b2\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09b8\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09b0 \u09b2\u09be\u0997\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u0996\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3, \u099c\u09be\u09ac\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099f\u09be, \u099a\u09b2\u09be\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09be, \u09b9\u09bf\u099f \u0993 \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a5\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3 \u09b6\u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09ac \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u09a1\u09bf\u099c\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b2 \u09a4\u09a5\u09cd\u09af\u09ad\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09ac\u09c7\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0997\u09be\u09ad\u09c0\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09af\u09bc \u0993 \u09ac\u0982\u09b6\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09be;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u09a6\u09c1\u09a7 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b0\u09c7\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u0993 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u099c\u09a8\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u0996;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0997\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0993 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0996\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09af \u0993 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8 \u0996\u09b0\u099a;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u09a6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0993 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09be\u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09bf \u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0, \u0998\u09bf, \u09ae\u09be\u0996\u09a8, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09ac\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u099f\u09bf\u0995 \u09a6\u0987, \u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u099f\u09cb\u099c\u09ae\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a6\u09c1\u09a7, \u09b6\u09bf\u09b6\u09c1 \u0993 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\u09b8\u09be\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09c0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3 \u0993 \u09ac\u09be\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u0995\u09a5\u09be<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a1\u09c7\u0987\u09b0\u09bf \u09b6\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8, \u09aa\u09a4\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09c1\u09a8\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u0997\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0997\u09cb\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b2\u09be \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09a0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a6\u09c1\u09a7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c2\u099a\u09a8\u09be, \u09e7\u09ef\u09ea\u09ec \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u0986\u09a7\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09be, \u09e7\u09ef\u09eb\u09e8 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 Milk Vita \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1, \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09c0\u09a8\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09ac\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09c1\u09a8\u09b0\u09cd\u0997\u09a0\u09a8, \u0986\u09b6\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a6\u09b6\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u099f, \u09a8\u09ac\u09cd\u09ac\u0987\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09b6\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c1\u09a8\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u0997\u09b0\u09a3 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u0997\u2014\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u099f\u09bf \u0998\u099f\u09a8\u09be \u0986\u099c\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a1\u09c7\u0987\u09b0\u09bf \u09b6\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u098f\u0987 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ac\u099a\u09c7\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09ac\u09a1\u09bc \u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb\u2014\u09a1\u09c7\u0987\u09b0\u09bf \u09b6\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7 \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u09ac\u09a1\u09bc \u0995\u09cb\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u0993 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u0997 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u099c\u09a8, \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf \u0993 \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u099c\u09a8, \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u099c\u09a8; \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09af\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u09ad\u09cb\u09b0\u09c7 \u0989\u09a0\u09c7 \u0997\u09be\u09ad\u09c0\u0995\u09c7 \u0996\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u09a8, \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a6\u09c1\u09a7 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u2014\u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09bf \u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09b2\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09a1\u09c7\u0987\u09b0\u09bf \u09b6\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u0987 \u099f\u09c7\u0995\u09b8\u0987 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u098f\u0996\u09a8 \u09ac\u09a1\u09bc \u09b8\u09c1\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u09b8\u09a0\u09bf\u0995 \u099c\u09be\u09a4, \u09b8\u09be\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09c0 \u0996\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09af, \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ae\u09a4 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be, \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u09a1 \u099a\u09c7\u0987\u09a8, \u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af, \u09aa\u09c7\u09b6\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09ac\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u0986\u09ae\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7 \u0986\u0997\u09be\u09ae\u09c0 \u09e8\u09e6 \u09ac\u099b\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6 \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1 \u09a6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09af\u09bc\u0982\u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u0987 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u2014\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ae\u09a4 \u09a6\u09c1\u0997\u09cd\u09a7\u099c\u09be\u09a4 \u09aa\u09a3\u09cd\u09af \u09b0\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7\u0993 \u0986\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0997\u09be\u09ad\u09c0 \u09ac\u09be\u0981\u099a\u09b2\u09c7 \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09bf \u09ac\u09be\u0981\u099a\u09ac\u09c7\u09a8, \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09bf \u09ac\u09be\u0981\u099a\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a1\u09c7\u0987\u09b0\u09bf \u09b6\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u0993 \u09ac\u09be\u0981\u099a\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/agriculturenews24.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/4165-1024x683.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6929\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.4992892477398079;width:825px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agriculturenews24.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/4165-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/agriculturenews24.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/4165-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/agriculturenews24.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/4165-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/agriculturenews24.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/4165.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The History of Bangladesh\u2019s Dairy Industry<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Century-Long Journey from Household Cattle Rearing to a Modern Dairy Industry\/\/An Investigative Report by Dr. Bayezid Moral for AgricultureNews24.com<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Livestock has been closely connected with Bangladesh\u2019s agriculture, rural economy and family life for thousands of years. In the past, almost every solvent or middle-income farming family in rural Bangladesh owned at least one cow. Milk from that cow helped meet the nutritional needs of the family\u2019s children, while surplus milk generated additional household income. Cow dung was also widely used as fuel and organic fertilizer.<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>But how did this small-scale, family-based milk production evolve into an industry worth thousands of crores of taka? Who laid the foundation of this industry? Why did Bangladesh become heavily dependent on imported milk powder at one stage? How was Milk Vita established? Under what circumstances did private companies enter the dairy sector?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This investigative report for AgricultureNews24.com seeks answers to these important questions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cattle Rearing in Ancient Bengal<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cattle rearing is not a new practice in Bengal. Cattle have long been used for agricultural work, transportation, milk production, manure and as a form of household wealth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At that time:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Families raised cows primarily for their own needs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Surplus milk was used to make yogurt, ghee, butter and chhana or cottage cheese.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>These products were sold in village markets.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A cow represented both economic security and social status.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, there was no industrial system for collecting, chilling, processing, packaging or marketing milk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Contribution of the Gowala or Ghosh Community<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Gowala or Ghosh community played an important role in the development of organized milk trading in Bangladesh. According to historical research, members of the Ghosh community migrated from different parts of India and settled in East Bengal around the middle of the seventeenth century.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They purchased milk from farmers and sold it in towns and commercial centres. Along with liquid milk, they marketed chhana, yogurt, ghee, butter and cream. Ghosh families in Satkhira, Sirajganj, Khulna and Chattogram remained involved in this profession for generations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Historical evidence also suggests that milk and ghee were transported from Pabna and Khulna to Kolkata during the nineteenth century. According to a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lrrd.org\/lrrd26\/10\/hami26179.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">study on the role of the private sector in Bangladesh\u2019s dairy industry<\/a>, the Ghosh community developed one of the earliest organized milk collection and distribution networks in the region.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Changes During British Rule<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">During the British period, the expansion of railways and urban markets contributed to the growth of the milk and dairy-product trade. Milk, ghee and chhana produced in Pabna, Sirajganj and Khulna were particularly popular in the Kolkata market.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A long tradition of cattle grazing also developed in Shahjadpur, Sirajganj. The region\u2019s natural bathans or grazing grounds eventually helped turn it into one of the most important milk-producing areas in Bangladesh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The First Modern Dairy Plant<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The formal journey of Bangladesh\u2019s modern dairy industry began in 1946. The National Nutrients Company established the country\u2019s first modern milk-processing plant at Lahirimohanpur in present-day Sirajganj, which was then part of Pabna district.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The objective of the plant was to collect and process locally produced milk and transport it to Kolkata by rail.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Following the Partition of India in 1947, the Eastern Milk Products Company took over the plant. In 1952, the company began marketing milk and dairy products under the brand name \u201cMilk Vita.\u201d However, this was a commercial predecessor of today\u2019s cooperative-based Milk Vita. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/4\/i0588e\/I0588E03.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">FAO\u2019s historical review<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Dairy Sector During the Pakistan Period<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Between 1950 and 1970, milk production in East Pakistan remained largely rural and family-based.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">During this period:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Milk yield per cow was low.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Improved dairy breeds were scarce.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Artificial insemination services were limited.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chilling and preservation facilities were almost nonexistent.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The system for supplying safe milk to urban consumers was weak.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another initiative, known as Asto Dairy, was launched in Dhaka during the 1960s. However, it did not achieve long-term success. Due to financial losses and weak management, both Milk Vita and Asto Dairy had virtually ceased operations by 1970.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Crisis After Independence<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Like other sectors of the economy, the livestock sector was severely damaged during the 1971 Liberation War. Bangladesh faced an acute milk shortage, particularly in urban areas, and consumers increasingly became dependent on imported milk powder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After independence, the government of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman took initiatives to develop a cooperative-based dairy system as part of its efforts to improve nutrition, rebuild agriculture and increase rural incomes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With assistance from the Food and Agriculture Organization\u2014FAO\u2014and the Danish International Development Agency\u2014DANIDA\u2014two studies were conducted on the country\u2019s dairy sector. The studies recommended the establishment of a smallholder-based dairy cooperative, modelled on the successful Anand or AMUL system in Gujarat, India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Birth of Cooperative-Based Milk Vita<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Milk Vita Cooperative Dairy Complex project was launched in 1973. It was operated under the Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives, with assistance from FAO, DANIDA and the United Nations Development Programme\u2014UNDP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The project\u2019s major objectives were to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Purchase milk directly from small farmers at fair prices.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Create a regular flow of cash into rural households.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Process milk in modern dairy plants.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Supply safe milk to urban consumers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Provide veterinary, artificial insemination and training services.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The operations of Asto Dairy and the earlier Milk Vita were merged to form the Eastern Milk Producers\u2019 Cooperative Union. In 1980, it was renamed the Bangladesh Milk Producers\u2019 Cooperative Union Limited\u2014BMPCUL.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The organization became widely known throughout Bangladesh as Milk Vita.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Following the AMUL Model<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The central philosophy of India\u2019s AMUL model was that milk-producing farmers should own the organization. Instead of relying on middlemen, the cooperative would purchase milk directly from producers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Under the Bangladesh model:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Primary cooperatives were formed at village level.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The fat content and quality of milk were tested.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Farmers were paid according to milk quality.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Veterinary and breeding services were provided.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Collected milk was transported to processing plants.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Members could receive a share of the cooperative\u2019s profits.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This was not merely a milk-trading operation. It was designed as a model for rural development, poverty reduction and farmer empowerment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">International Assistance<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">FAO, DANIDA and UNDP provided Bangladesh\u2019s dairy sector with technical support, training and infrastructure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Their assistance contributed to the establishment of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Two dairy-processing plants.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Three milk collection centres.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Quality-testing laboratories.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Milk transportation systems.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chilling facilities.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Training programmes for officials and technicians.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Organized milk collection from small farmers began in 1976. By the end of the 1970s, the cooperative had developed the capacity to collect approximately 15 million litres of milk annually from around 36,000 smallholder farmers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Milk Vita\u2019s Impact on Rural Life<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Milk Vita\u2019s most important contribution was transforming milk into a source of regular cash income for rural families.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Through the cooperative, a small farmer could:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sell milk every day.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Receive payment according to quality.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reduce dependence on middlemen.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Access artificial insemination and veterinary services.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Participate in decision-making as a cooperative member.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rural women played a major role in feeding, milking and caring for cows, although they often received little formal recognition. Regular income from milk sales gradually helped strengthen women\u2019s economic position within their families.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Milk Vita\u2019s Crisis During the 1980s<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The cooperative\u2019s early success did not continue without interruption. By the mid-1980s, Milk Vita\u2019s annual collection had fallen from approximately 15 million litres to less than 3 million litres.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The main reasons included:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Imports of subsidized foreign milk powder.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bureaucratic and inefficient management.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Failure to expand the market.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Weakening relationships with farmers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Delays in payments.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inefficient collection and transportation systems.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At that time, subsidized surplus milk powder from Europe entered the Bangladeshi market at extremely low prices. In some cases, its market price was equivalent to only about one-third of the cost of producing fresh milk in Bangladesh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As a result, Milk Vita found it increasingly difficult to purchase local milk at a fair price, process it and compete with imported milk powder. Farmers suffered the most.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The consequences included:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Reduced demand for domestically produced liquid milk.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Closure or inactivity of milk collection centres.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lower farmgate prices.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Declining interest in improved dairy farming.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Withdrawal of many rural families from dairy production.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Growth of milk powder-based food manufacturing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/sap\/docs\/i0588e00.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">FAO study<\/a>, unfair competition from subsidized imported milk powder was a major cause of Milk Vita\u2019s decline during this period.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Milk Vita\u2019s Revival in the 1990s<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The situation began to change in the early 1990s. The government imposed duties on imported milk powder and reduced direct government involvement in the cooperative\u2019s daily operations. Professional managers were given greater responsibility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Several important changes followed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Milk collection centres were reactivated.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Communication with farmers improved.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Milk-quality testing was strengthened.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Transportation and chilling facilities were upgraded.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The market for pasteurized milk expanded.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Greater financial discipline was introduced.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As a result, Milk Vita recovered from near collapse and became profitable again. According to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/4\/i0588e\/I0588E03.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">FAO\u2019s account<\/a>, professional management and policy protection played major roles in its revival.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the same time, rapid urbanization, rising incomes and growing consumer demand for safe packaged milk helped expand the processed dairy market.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Expansion of Artificial Insemination<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The expansion of artificial insemination\u2014AI\u2014was another major turning point in Bangladesh\u2019s dairy industry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Artificial insemination centres were gradually expanded to different districts and upazilas from the 1970s. Initially, semen from breeds such as Sahiwal was widely used. Later, crossbreeding local cows with Holstein Friesian, Jersey and other exotic breeds became more common.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The number of Friesian-cross cows began to increase visibly from the 1980s. These cows could produce considerably more milk than indigenous animals. However, they also introduced new management challenges, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Greater demand for high-quality feed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Need for regular veterinary care and vaccination.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Heat stress under Bangladesh\u2019s climate.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mastitis and reproductive disorders.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Requirement for skilled farm management.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Need for quality semen and planned breeding.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bangladeshi farmers gradually learned that simply increasing the percentage of exotic blood does not automatically produce a healthy and profitable dairy cow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Rise of Private Dairy Companies<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Market liberalization, urbanization, rising household incomes and growing demand for safe packaged food encouraged private investors to enter the dairy-processing sector during the 1990s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Until then, Milk Vita had controlled almost the entire formal processed-milk market. Subsequently, Aarong Dairy, PRAN Dairy, Aftab, Akij, Rangpur Dairy, Bikrampur Dairy and several regional companies entered the industry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1998, BRAC launched its commercial dairy operation, which later became widely known as Aarong Dairy. Its original objective was to create a reliable market for milk produced by rural families who had purchased cows with BRAC\u2019s assistance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The company developed an integrated supply chain involving milk collection, chilling, transportation, processing and marketing. According to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bracusa.org\/solutions\/social-enterprise\/brac-dairy\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">BRAC Dairy<\/a>, it now works with more than 35,000 registered farmers and processes over 150,000 litres of milk per day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Role of PRAN and Other Companies<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The involvement of major domestic food manufacturers increased competition in the dairy market. PRAN Dairy and other companies established rural collection centres and chilling plants and began producing both pasteurized and ultra-high-temperature\u2014UHT\u2014milk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Over time, the market expanded to include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Pasteurized liquid milk.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>UHT milk.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Flavoured milk.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Yogurt and sweetened yogurt.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ghee and butter.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cream.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lassi, labang and buttermilk.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ice cream.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Specialized milk products for children and adults.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The private sector not only increased product diversity but also introduced important changes in milk collection, packaging, cold-chain management, transportation, quality control, branding and distribution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1990, formal processors collected only about one percent of the country\u2019s total milk production. By 2006, their share had risen to approximately seven percent. However, a large proportion of Bangladesh\u2019s milk is still sold through informal channels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">From Household Cows to Commercial Dairy Farms<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dairy farming in Bangladesh once meant keeping one or two indigenous cows in the family courtyard. From the late 1990s onward, however, commercial dairy farms began to emerge around Dhaka and in Savar, Dhamrai, Keraniganj, Gazipur, Manikganj, Sirajganj, Pabna, Rangpur, Bogura, Mymensingh, Chattogram and other regions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Modern farms gradually introduced:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Organized cattle sheds.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Improved or crossbred dairy cows.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Separate facilities for calves and pregnant cows.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Silage and high-yielding fodder.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Milking machines.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Milk-chilling systems.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Computer-based record keeping.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Artificial insemination and pregnancy diagnosis.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Total mixed ration\u2014TMR.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Biogas and organic-fertilizer production from manure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Through this transformation, traditional household cattle rearing gradually became an investment-based agricultural industry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">COVID-19: Another Major Test<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown in 2020 created a severe crisis for Bangladesh\u2019s dairy farmers. Restrictions on transportation and the closure of sweet shops, hotels and restaurants reduced milk demand and disrupted collection systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In many areas, farmers were forced to sell milk at extremely low prices, distribute it free of charge or discard it entirely. At the same time, expenses for cattle feed, medicine, labour and electricity continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The crisis demonstrated that increasing production alone is not enough. A sustainable dairy industry also requires preservation facilities, processing capacity, diversified products and emergency marketing arrangements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Present State of Bangladesh\u2019s Dairy Industry<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A study published in 2026, citing Department of Livestock Services figures for the 2024\u201325 financial year, reported national milk production of approximately <strong>15.54 million metric tonnes<\/strong>, compared with an estimated demand of <strong>16.23 million metric tonnes<\/strong>. This suggests that the statistical gap between production and demand has narrowed considerably. <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44279-026-00572-w?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">Recent research<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, an important question remains: how much of the milk produced in Bangladesh enters the formal collection and processing system?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A large quantity of milk is still sold through:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Local markets.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Traditional milk traders.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sweet shops.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Informal collectors.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Direct farmer-to-consumer networks.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Therefore, even when national production increases, many farmers do not have access to a stable market, while many consumers do not receive safe and properly processed milk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Several other questions also require careful examination:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How much of the reported production reaches consumers?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How much milk is consumed by calves?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How accurately is milk traded in informal markets recorded?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What proportion is collected by formal processors?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What is the country\u2019s actual per-capita milk consumption?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The statistical gap between production and demand may have narrowed, but ensuring affordable, safe and processed milk for every citizen remains a major challenge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Where Did Bangladesh Go Wrong?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The investigation reveals several fundamental weaknesses in the development of the dairy industry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Unplanned Genetic Improvement<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although increasing the productivity of indigenous cattle was necessary, crossbreeding was often carried out without adequately considering location, climate, feed availability and disease resistance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Production Expanded Faster Than the Market<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dairy farms were established in many areas without corresponding investments in collection centres, chilling plants and processing facilities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Farmers Were Excluded from Price Determination<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even when feed prices increased, milk prices were often determined by buyers or middlemen. Farmers\u2019 actual production costs were not sufficiently considered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Shortage of Quality Feed and Fodder<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bangladesh has yet to ensure adequate supplies of quality grass, silage, hay and balanced rations. This has increased dependence on expensive concentrate feeds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Weak Coordination Between Research and the Field<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Information sharing among universities, research institutions, the Department of Livestock Services, private companies and farmers remains limited.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lack of Insurance and Risk Management-<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The death of a high-value dairy cow can financially devastate a small farmer. Nevertheless, accessible and effective livestock insurance is still unavailable in many areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Major Challenges Facing the Industry<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prices of maize, wheat bran, soybean meal, oilcake, minerals and other feed ingredients directly affect milk-production costs. Farmgate milk prices, however, do not always increase at the same rate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Lack of Fair Milk Prices<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There is often a large difference between what farmers receive and what consumers pay in cities. Producers do not always receive a fair share of the final market price.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Inadequate Cold-Chain Facilities<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Milk is highly perishable. Without nearby chilling centres, farmers are often forced to accept whatever price local buyers offer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Diseases and Limited Veterinary Services<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mastitis, foot-and-mouth disease, lumpy skin disease, reproductive disorders, pneumonia and calf diarrhoea continue to cause serious losses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Poor-Quality Semen and Unplanned Crossbreeding<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Producing cows with higher levels of exotic blood without proper pedigrees and performance records can increase disease, infertility and management costs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. Shortage of Land and Fodder<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Urbanization and the reduction of agricultural land have limited the availability of land for fodder production. Yet high-quality roughage is essential for profitable milk production.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. Lack of Credit and Insurance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Low-cost loans, livestock insurance and rapid compensation following disasters remain limited.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8. Unequal Competition from Imports<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If import policies for milk powder and dairy products are adopted without considering domestic production costs, local farmers may once again face a crisis similar to that of the 1980s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What Should Be Done?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Formulate a National Dairy Development Plan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bangladesh needs an integrated long-term plan covering production, breeding, feed, veterinary care, collection, processing, imports and marketing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Ensure Fair Milk Prices<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A scientific pricing system should be introduced based on fat content, solids-not-fat, microbial quality and actual production costs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Establish Collection and Chilling Facilities<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Milk collection centres and bulk milk coolers should be established within practical distances of major production areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Reduce Feed Costs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The government should support fodder cultivation on unused and public land, expand maize and silage production, strengthen feed-quality testing and promote locally available feed ingredients.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Introduce Scientific Breeding<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Breeding programmes should focus not only on milk yield but also on disease resistance, fertility, productive lifespan and adaptation to Bangladesh\u2019s climate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. Strengthen Veterinary and Diagnostic Services<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rapid veterinary care, mobile veterinary units, quality vaccines and diagnostic laboratories should be expanded to union and upazila levels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. Provide Farmer-Friendly Loans and Insurance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Farmers need low-interest loans, manageable repayment schedules, health and mortality insurance for cattle and compensation following disasters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8. Develop Domestic Milk-Powder Production<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bangladesh should increase its capacity to produce milk powder and other shelf-stable products so that surplus milk is not wasted during peak production seasons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9. Rebuild Producer-Owned Cooperatives<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Transparent, professionally managed cooperatives should be developed along the lines of AMUL. Farmers must have genuine ownership and participation, free from excessive political or bureaucratic control.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">10. Maintain a Balanced Import Policy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Import duties and regulations should protect consumers while allowing domestic farmers and processors to remain competitive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Where Could the Industry Be in the Next 20 Years?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With appropriate policies and investment, Bangladesh\u2019s dairy industry could become one of the strongest sectors of the agricultural economy over the next two decades.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dairy farms are likely to become increasingly technology-based. Sensors attached to cows may help monitor:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Feed intake.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rumination.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Movement.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Heat cycles.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Early signs of illness.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Digital databases may contain:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Identification and pedigree records.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Milk-production histories.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vaccination and treatment records.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Artificial insemination dates.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pregnancy and calving histories.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Feed and production costs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Milk quality and sales prices.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The industry may also expand into:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cheese.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ghee and butter.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Probiotic yogurt.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lactose-free milk.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Specialized products for children and older people.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Buffalo-milk products.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Export-oriented dairy products.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, the benefits of technology must not remain limited to large commercial farms. Small farmers, women entrepreneurs and young people must also have access to affordable technology, training, credit and reliable markets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion of the Investigation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The history of Bangladesh\u2019s dairy industry is a story of growth, decline and revival.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The organized milk trade developed by the Gowala community, the first modern dairy plant established in 1946, the launch of the Milk Vita brand in 1952, cooperative reconstruction after independence, the crisis of the 1980s, the revival of the 1990s and the subsequent rise of private investment\u2014each event helped shape today\u2019s dairy industry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The most important lesson from this history is that farmers must remain at the centre of the dairy sector.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The technology and investment of large companies are necessary. Government policy and regulation are necessary. Innovation from universities and research institutions is also necessary. But no dairy industry can be sustainable if the farmer\u2014the person who wakes before dawn every day to feed, care for and milk the cow\u2014cannot survive economically.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bangladesh now has a major opportunity. With appropriate breeds, affordable feed, quality veterinary care, an effective cold chain, fair prices, professional cooperatives and a balanced import policy, the country can become genuinely self-sufficient in milk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Over the next 20 years, Bangladesh could even emerge as an exporter of high-quality dairy products.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>If the cow survives, the farmer survives; and if the farmer survives, Bangladesh\u2019s dairy industry will survive and prosper.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u09a1\u09c7\u0987\u09b0\u09bf \u09b6\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\/\/\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u0997\u09be\u09ad\u09c0 \u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09a8 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09a7\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 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