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\u09a1. \u09ac\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099c\u09bf\u09a6 \u09ae\u09cb\u09a1\u09bc\u09b2 | \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u0995, AgricultureNews24.com<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u09ea. \u09b8\u09b9\u099c \u098b\u09a3, \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u09a4\u09b9\u09ac\u09bf\u09b2 \u0993 \u09ae\u09ce\u09b8\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09c0\u09ae\u09be<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

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\u09eb. \u0995\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u09a1-\u099a\u09c7\u0987\u09a8 \u0993 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

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\u09ed. \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8 \u0993 \u09a1\u09bf\u099c\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b2 \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09bf\u09b2\u09bf\u099f\u09bf<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

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\u09ee. \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09bf\u09a7<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u0995\u09a5\u09be<\/mark><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Why Do Fish Farmers Fail to Profit Even When Fish Prices Rise?<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Dr. Bayezid Moral | Editor, AgricultureNews24.com<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In my conversations with fish farmers, I am often confronted with several questions: Why are farmers\u2019 profits declining even as fish production rises in the country? How much has the gap widened between the rising prices of feed, fingerlings and medicines and the overall cost of fish production? Why do farmers not receive a fair share of the higher prices consumers pay in the market? How are disease, climate change and market uncertainty pushing promising farms towards losses? What is the true condition of farmers behind the record production figures?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This research-based report examines these questions and presents the realities of the current crisis facing Bangladesh\u2019s fish farmers.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Image<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fish farming in Bangladesh is no longer a simple business of releasing fingerlings into a pond and harvesting them a few months later. It has become a complex enterprise involving capital, technology, water management, disease control, market access and the management of daily risks. Although fish production and aquaculture have expanded across the country, many farmers say that their profits are not increasing even when market prices rise. Instead, escalating production costs, disease outbreaks, climate change and market uncertainty are making it increasingly difficult for them to survive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Under the present circumstances, a fish farmer\u2019s problems may begin at the pond but do not end there. From purchasing fingerlings and selecting feed and medicines to meeting electricity and labour costs, managing water quality and disease, coping with floods, droughts and heatwaves, and dealing with transporters, commission agents, market prices and loans\u2014there are risks at every stage from production to marketing. This report presents those challenges in sequence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. High Feed Prices: The Greatest Pressure on Profit<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Feed generally accounts for the largest share of total production costs in intensive and semi-intensive aquaculture. When the prices of maize, soybean meal, fishmeal, rice bran, oil, vitamins, minerals and import-dependent ingredients rise, the price of commercial feed also increases. Fish prices, however, do not always rise at the same rate, leaving farmers with increasingly narrow profit margins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Another problem is the tendency to buy feed solely on the basis of its price per bag. If cheaper feed has a poor nutritional profile or an inefficient feed conversion ratio, more feed will be required to increase fish weight. In the end, the supposedly cheaper feed may prove more expensive. Many farmers have no practical means of verifying the actual protein, moisture, ash and fat content, floating capacity or effective feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the feed they purchase.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Shortage of Quality Fingerlings and Genetic Deterioration<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Profitable fish farming is impossible without quality fingerlings. Yet the quality of broodstock, breeding management and fish health is not consistent across all hatcheries. Repeated breeding within the same genetic line, unplanned crossbreeding, weak broodstock, overcrowding and transport stress can reduce growth and increase disease susceptibility and mortality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Farmers often cannot determine the breed or quality of fingerlings through visual inspection. They may purchase them on the basis of a seller\u2019s claims, a name or their colour, without receiving written evidence of source, batch, broodstock history, health testing or growth potential. The damage caused by poor-quality fingerlings may not be apparent initially, but it can develop into a major financial loss during the middle or final stage of the production cycle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Delayed Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Based on Guesswork<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

When fish reduce their feed intake, surface for air, develop lesions or die suddenly, many farmers cannot promptly send samples to a laboratory. Rapid disease diagnosis, water testing and specialist advice are not readily available at every upazila or district level. As a result, medicines are often applied on the advice of shopkeepers, neighbours or social media sources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The same symptoms may result from low dissolved oxygen, high ammonia or nitrite, changes in pH, parasites, bacteria, viruses or feed-related problems. Using antibiotics, disinfectants or other chemicals without identifying the cause may fail to control the disease and instead increase risks to fish, water, beneficial pond microorganisms and public health. It may also contribute to antimicrobial resistance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Adulterated and Unregulated Medicines and Chemicals<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A vast range of products is marketed as fish medicines, probiotics, enzymes, water purifiers, oxygen tablets and growth promoters. Farmers often lack clear information about their active ingredients, dosage, expiry date, storage requirements and regulatory approval. There are also complaints that several products are used for the same problem without producing the expected results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Incomplete labels, exaggerated promotional claims and sales-driven advice push farmers towards unnecessary expenditure. Failure to maintain treatment records or observe the required withdrawal period before harvesting fish can create risks for both food safety and exports.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Poor Water Quality and Oxygen Shortages<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Fish farming is fundamentally a water-management business. Yet many farms do not regularly measure dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, transparency, ammonia, nitrite or alkalinity. Excessive stocking, overfeeding, accumulation of organic waste on the pond bottom, sudden algal die-off and prolonged cloudy weather can cause oxygen levels to fall sharply during the late hours of the night.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Even where aerators are available, a power outage or lack of diesel backup can cause major losses within a few hours. Groundwater or irrigation water is not readily available in all areas. Industrial waste, agricultural chemicals, salinity or contaminated water entering a farm can also jeopardise the entire production cycle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. Growing Risks from Climate Change and Disasters<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Irregular rainfall, prolonged heatwaves, drought, excessive rain, flash floods, cyclones and changing salinity in coastal areas are increasing risks for fish farms. Extreme heat raises water temperature, lowers dissolved oxygen and affects fish appetite and immunity. Heavy rainfall can rapidly alter pH and salinity. Floods can wash fish away, introduce external pathogens and damage pond embankments and other infrastructure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Area-specific early warnings, suitable species, higher and stronger embankments, drainage systems and post-disaster recovery financing remain inadequate. Small farmers suffer the most because they often lack the savings needed to purchase fingerlings and feed for another production cycle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. Market Price Volatility and Farmers\u2019 Weak Bargaining Power<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Fish take months to produce, but farmers have little control over the market price at the time of sale. When fish from most ponds in an area reach the market simultaneously, prices fall. Keeping fish in the pond after they reach the target size increases feed costs and mortality risks, often forcing farmers to sell even at a low price.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Most small and medium farmers depend on local intermediaries, traders and commission agents. Without transparent information on daily market prices, urban demand, transport costs, commissions and weight deductions, farmers remain at a disadvantage in negotiations. Consumers may pay higher prices, but there is seldom a transparent account of how much of that additional amount reaches the producer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8. Weaknesses in Storage, Ice, Transport and Processing<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Fish are highly perishable. If ice plants, cold storage, insulated transport or primary processing facilities are not available near farms, fish must be sold immediately after harvest. Road conditions, traffic congestion and transport costs also affect market prices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When live fish are transported without proper water, oxygen and stocking density, mortality and weight loss may occur. At the same time, the absence of hygienic washing, grading, icing, packaging and traceability makes it difficult for farmers to access domestic supermarkets, institutional buyers and high-value export markets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9. Lack of Affordable Credit and Effective Insurance<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Fish farming requires substantial working capital at the beginning of a production cycle for fingerlings, feed, labour, lime, fertiliser, medicines, electricity and pond leases. The documentation, collateral, time and terms required for institutional loans are difficult for many small farmers. Consequently, they rely on feed dealers, moneylenders or costly informal credit. Such arrangements may oblige them to purchase products from a particular company or sell fish to a particular buyer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although floods, disease or oxygen depletion can cause severe losses overnight, most farms have no effective insurance coverage. Difficulties in verifying losses, premium costs, insufficient data and weak risk-assessment systems hinder the expansion of aquaculture insurance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10. Uncertainty over Pond Leases, Land and Water Use<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Many farmers raise fish not on their own land but in ponds leased for short periods. If a lease is not renewed after a farmer has invested in pond improvement, embankments, deepening, electricity connections or aerators, recovering that investment becomes difficult. Ownership disputes, multiple partners, blocked water flows, pesticide-contaminated runoff from neighbouring land and conflicts over road access also affect production.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On farms connected to open water bodies, canals or wetlands, water-management decisions are not controlled by one farmer. Without area-wide coordination, contaminated water or disease from a neighbouring farm can enter another farm despite good on-farm management.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11. Shortage of Skilled Personnel, Records and Business Planning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Experience is important in fish farming, but habit alone is not enough to manage a modern intensive farm safely. Many farms do not maintain written records of daily feed use, sample weights, survival rates, water quality, medicine use, labour or electricity expenses. Consequently, farmers do not know their true production cost, break-even price or actual profit and loss.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When production begins merely because prices were high in the previous year\u2014without calculating species selection, stocking density, likely markets, cash flow and emergency reserves\u2014many farms may supply fish to the market at the same time. A shortage of trained farm managers and independent advisers is another major problem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12. Electricity, Fuel and Infrastructure Costs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

An uninterrupted electricity supply is essential for pumps, aerators, lighting, security and water supply. If aeration stops because of load-shedding or low voltage, a high-density farm can face a rapid disaster. Operating a generator as backup increases diesel costs. Poor roads, electricity connections, mobile networks and security in remote farming areas raise both production and marketing costs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13. Theft, Poisoning and Insecurity<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Once fish reach marketable size, farms in many areas face the threat of theft, nets being cut, deliberate poisoning or embankments being breached. Guarding large water bodies requires additional labour and technology. Night security, CCTV cameras, lighting, fencing and guards impose a heavy burden on small farms. When losses occur, gathering evidence and obtaining prompt remedies can also be difficult.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

14. Limited Capacity of Public Services and Farmers\u2019 Organisations<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Fisheries officers at the field level carry broad responsibilities, but staffing, transport, laboratories, equipment and effective digital surveillance remain limited. Timely advice cannot reach every farm in remote areas. The lack of integrated data on disease outbreaks, market prices, fingerling sources, feed batches and medicine use makes rapid decision-making difficult.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When farmers\u2019 organisations are weak, farmers have limited capacity to buy feed collectively, share ice and transport, plan fish supply, collect market-price information, enter contract sales and raise their demands before policymakers. An isolated farmer is easily placed in a weaker position than buyers and input suppliers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How the Crises Intensify One Another<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Consider a farmer who takes a loan and begins production by purchasing expensive feed and fingerlings. If the fingerlings are poor in quality, their growth will be slow and they will need to be fed for a longer period. Poor water quality may then cause disease; without testing, money may be wasted on the wrong treatment. If market prices are low at harvest time, the farmer may keep the fish in the pond longer, further increasing feed costs, oxygen demand and mortality risks. Eventually, pressure to repay the loan may force the farmer to sell at a low price. In other words, these problems do not exist in isolation: one weakness can push the entire production cycle towards loss.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Immediate Actions for Farmers<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  1. Before purchasing fingerlings, obtain written information about the hatchery, batch, broodstock and health status; where possible, begin with a small trial batch.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Set stocking density according to pond size and carrying capacity; avoid overstocking.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Maintain records of daily feed use, mortality, water tests, medicines, sample weights and all expenses.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. Regularly test dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature and transparency; monitor ammonia and nitrite in intensive farms.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. Do not use antibiotics or multiple chemicals without confirming the cause of disease; seek advice from a qualified specialist.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  6. Evaluate feed not merely by the price per bag, but by growth, FCR, fish health and the total feed cost per kilogram of fish produced.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  7. Identify potential buyers and calculate commission-agent fees, transport costs and likely selling prices before harvest; retain the option of partial harvesting.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  8. Maintain an emergency plan for floods, power outages and oxygen depletion; keep embankments, nets, pumps, aerators and backup power ready.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  9. Share disease, water-quality and market information with neighbouring farmers and pursue collective purchasing and sales through farmers\u2019 associations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  10. Calculate the break-even price before starting production and maintain an emergency cash reserve sufficient for at least one production cycle.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Dr. Bayezid Moral\u2019s Urgent Proposals for the Government and Policymakers<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    1. Mandatory Quality Control for Feed and Fingerlings<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Batch-based feed sampling and testing, full disclosure of ingredients and nutritional values on labels, prompt resolution of complaints and compensation when substandard quality is proven are essential. Hatchery broodstock management, genetic quality, disease-free status and batch traceability of fingerlings must also be ensured.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2. Rapid Disease Diagnosis and Water Testing at Upazila Level<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Mobile aquatic animal health teams, district laboratories, a cold chain for sample collection and a digital disease-alert system should be established. The sale and use of antibiotics without a confirmed diagnosis must be controlled.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    3. Price Information from Farm to Market<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Daily information on fish prices, grades, transport costs and demand at district markets and major wholesale centres should be provided through mobile applications and SMS. Contracts between farmers and wholesalers, supermarkets, hotels and processing companies should be facilitated through cooperatives or producer organisations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    4. Affordable Credit, Disaster Funds and Aquaculture Insurance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Repayment schedules aligned with production cycles, alternatives to conventional collateral, low-interest working capital for small farmers and pilot insurance schemes covering disease, floods, cyclones and power-related disasters are needed. Satellite data, geotagging and digital farm records may be used to verify losses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    5. Cold Chains and Local Collection Centres<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Integrated centres providing ice, clean water, grading, weighing, packing, cold storage and insulated transport in production areas would reduce losses and connect farmers to better markets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    6. Climate-Resilient, Area-Specific Planning<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Flood-prone, drought-prone, haor, coastal and saline areas require different species, production calendars, infrastructure and early-warning systems. More demonstration farms, training programmes and simple guidance in local languages are needed to take research findings to the field.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    7. Farmer Registration and Digital Traceability<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    If minimum data on farms, fingerlings, feed, medicines, disease, production and sales are maintained on one platform, emerging risks in particular areas can be identified quickly. Good producers would also gain opportunities to enter export markets and premium markets for safe food.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    8. Additional Considerations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    A fish farm should not be viewed merely as a place of production; it must be run as an accounts-based business. The quantity of fish a farmer produces is important, but even more important are the actual cost per kilogram, mortality rate, feed consumption and the amount retained after sale. Higher production alone is not success; safe production, lower risk and assured profitability are the true measures of success.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Reliable fingerlings, tested feed, regular water-quality monitoring and rapid disease diagnosis are the most urgent requirements. Medicines should not be used on the basis of a seller\u2019s verbal claim or advice on social media. Every farm should maintain daily records, emergency aeration and an advance marketing plan. Farmers must also organise themselves. A single farmer cannot influence feed prices, market prices or policy, but organised farmers can make collective purchases, plan sales and establish fair demands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The government must treat farmers\u2019 profit and loss\u2014not production statistics alone\u2014as a measure of success. If production rises in an area while farmers become indebted or leave aquaculture, that growth is not sustainable. Farmers\u2019 income, protection from risk, safe food and a fair share of the market must therefore remain at the centre of policy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Final Thoughts<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Bangladesh\u2019s fisheries sector still has enormous potential. Improved strains, scientific water management, quality feed, digital markets, cold chains and processing can increase both production and exports. However, merely calling for more production without resolving farmers\u2019 current problems will increase their risks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    To keep fish farmers in business, accountability must be established across the entire chain\u2014from fingerlings to the market. Only when quality inputs, rapid disease services, accessible finance, climate protection and fair markets are ensured will the success of higher production translate into genuine profits for farming households.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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