{"id":9515,"date":"2026-10-01T17:43:34","date_gmt":"2026-10-01T11:43:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/agriculturenews24.com\/?p=9515"},"modified":"2026-10-01T18:12:33","modified_gmt":"2026-10-01T12:12:33","slug":"%e0%a6%b9%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%81%e0%a6%b8-%e0%a6%aa%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%a8-%e0%a6%95%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%80%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%b8%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%ac","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/agriculturenews24.com\/?p=9515","title":{"rendered":"\u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09ac\u09b2\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09be: \u09b8\u09ab\u09b2\u09a4\u09be \u0993 \u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac \u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09be"},"content":{"rendered":"\n


\u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09ac\u09b2\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09be: \u09b8\u09ab\u09b2\u09a4\u09be \u0993 \u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac \u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09be<\/mark><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

\u09a1. \u09ac\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099c\u09bf\u09a6 \u09ae\u09cb\u09a1\u09bc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09a6\u09a8<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

\u09ad\u09cb\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0998\u09b0 \u0996\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be, \u0996\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u0993 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be, \u09a1\u09bf\u09ae \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9, \u0985\u09b8\u09c1\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5 \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u0986\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u2014\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u09b8\u09ac \u0995\u09be\u099c \u09a6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u09b0\u09aa\u09b0 \u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09be, \u09b8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09a8\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09b6\u09cb\u09a8\u09be, \u0998\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u0964 \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09a4\u09cd\u09a8 \u099a\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09be\u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u098f\u0987 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0986\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u09bf \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7? \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09a1\u09bc \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09bf \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8? \u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09bf \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09a8 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u09ac\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u0993 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09c0\u09a8\u09a4\u09be \u0996\u09c1\u09ac \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09ac\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09be?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7\u09b8\u09ac \u098f\u09b2\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u099c\u09b2\u09be\u09b6\u09af\u09bc, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0996\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a1\u09bf\u09ae \u0993 \u09ae\u09be\u0982\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u099c\u09be\u09b0 \u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09c7, \u09b8\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u099b\u09cb\u099f \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0985\u09ac\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a6\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u0987 \u098f\u0995\u099c\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09ac\u09b2\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09a8\u09a6\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a4\u09be, \u099a\u09b2\u09a4\u09bf \u09aa\u09c1\u0981\u099c\u09bf, \u09b0\u09cb\u0997 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be, \u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09bf\u09a4 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u0985\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09a8\u09be \u0993 \u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09be\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09be\u2014\u09a6\u09c1\u0987 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u0987 \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a7\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09a6\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09b0 \u09a4\u09a5\u09cd\u09af \u0993 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09c7; \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0997\u09a4 \u09b8\u09ab\u09b2\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0998\u099f\u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac \u09b8\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09ce\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be \u0995\u09c0 \u09ac\u09b2\u099b\u09c7: \u0986\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0986\u099b\u09c7<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09ad\u09c0\u09ac\u09be\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c1\u0995\u09bf \u09b9\u09be\u0993\u09b0 \u098f\u09b2\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09ee\u09e6 \u099c\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09a8\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09ce\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc, \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09a8 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u099c\u09bf\u0995 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09b0 \u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09a4\u09bf \u0993 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09be \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u099f\u09bf The Agriculturists<\/em> \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09af\u09bc\u09bf\u0995\u09c0\u09b0 \u09e8\u09e6\u09e7\u09eb \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09e8\u09e6\u09e7\u09ec \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09b2\u09be\u0987\u09a8\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09af\u09bc, \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6 \u0993 \u09b8\u09c1\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09a8\u09b8\u0987 \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09be \u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09a5 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u098f\u09b2\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a8\u09ae\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u0995\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ac \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a7\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf\u09b6\u09cb\u09b0\u0997\u099e\u09cd\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u0997\u099e\u09cd\u099c \u0989\u09aa\u099c\u09c7\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u0981\u099a\u099f\u09bf \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09eb\u09e6\u099f\u09bf \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09ac\u09c8\u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u09a4\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u099f \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u0998\u09a3\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09eb\u09e7 \u09b6\u09a4\u09be\u0982\u09b6 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0\u09be \u09a6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8<\/strong>, \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u0982\u09b6\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3 \u09b8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cb\u09b7\u099c\u09a8\u0995 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ac\u09a1\u09bc \u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u0993 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u098f\u0987 \u09a6\u09c1\u0987 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be \u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09be\u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09bf \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09af\u09bc \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b9\u09af\u09bc: \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09a8 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09ac\u09b2\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09be \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7\u0993 \u098f\u0995 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/strong> \u0986\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u0986\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be\u0993 \u09ac\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09a8 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09af\u09bc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09c1\u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb, \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u0995\u09c2\u09b2 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf\u09b0 \u0986\u09b6\u09aa\u09be\u09b6 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u099b\u09cb\u099f \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09b0\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09a1\u09bf\u09ae \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9 \u0993 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a8\u0997\u09a6 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u0986\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0996\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09a1\u09bf\u09ae \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09be \u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7\u0993 \u0985\u09ac\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09be\u0995\u09be\u099b\u09bf \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09a0\u09bf\u0995 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09be, \u09b8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09a8 \u0993 \u09ac\u09af\u09bc\u09b8\u09cd\u0995 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09a4\u09cd\u09a8, \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09a6\u09bf\u09ac\u09b8 \u0986\u09b0\u0993 \u09a6\u09c0\u09b0\u09cd\u0998 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09a6\u09b8\u09cd\u09af\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u0993 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09a8 \u09b6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af \u09a6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099c\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u0996\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09be, \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09ac \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09be, \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09a6\u09b0\u09a6\u09be\u09ae \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8 \u0997\u09a1\u09bc\u09c7 \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u098f\u09b8\u09ac \u09a6\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a4\u09be \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u0987\u09b0\u09c7\u0993 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7 \u09b2\u09be\u0997\u09c7\u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u0998\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3 \u0993 \u09ac\u09be\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09b0\u09bf \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u09a6\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u09b8\u09ab\u09b2\u09a4\u09be \u09ae\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1 \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09af\u09a5\u09c7\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09a8\u09af\u09bc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u098f\u0995\u099c\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09e8\u09e6\u099f\u09bf \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09e7\u09e6\u09e6\u099f\u09bf \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cc\u0981\u099b\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u2014\u098f\u099f\u09bf \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u098b\u09a3\u0993 \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u09ac\u09c7\u09a1\u09bc\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc, \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09a8\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf\u0982\u09ac\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09a6\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0985\u09b8\u09b9\u09a8\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u0993\u09a0\u09c7, \u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09b8\u09ab\u09b2\u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u0995\u09a0\u09bf\u09a8\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09ac\u09b2\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09be \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u0995\u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09af\u09bc<\/th>\u09af\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4 \u0986\u09af\u09bc<\/td>\u09b8\u09ac \u0996\u09b0\u099a \u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0 \u0995\u09a4 \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7?<\/td><\/tr>
\u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3<\/td>\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3 \u0993 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u0995\u09bf?<\/td><\/tr>
\u09b8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0<\/td>\u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09be, \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf \u0993 \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09b0 \u0995\u09bf?<\/td><\/tr>
\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af<\/td>\u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09ac \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf?<\/td><\/tr>
\u09b8\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09af\u09bc \u0993 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09be<\/td>\u09b0\u09cb\u0997 \u09ac\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a7\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u0995\u09be \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09b2\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09b0 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u0986\u099b\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf?<\/td><\/tr>
\u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09a8<\/td>\u0986\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09be\u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae, \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09cd\u09af \u0993 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09b0 \u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09a4\u09bf \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf?<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 \u099b\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09be \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1 \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09b0\u09a3 \u09ac\u09be \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09a6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09b8\u09c2\u099a\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09ab\u09b2\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09bf\u099a\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09a1\u09bc \u0985\u0982\u09b6 \u0986\u09a1\u09bc\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09be: \u0996\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u0996\u09b0\u099a \u0993 \u09ae\u09cc\u09b8\u09c1\u09ae\u09bf \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0996\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0996\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09af \u0996\u09b0\u099a \u09a8\u09c7\u0987\u2014\u098f\u09ae\u09a8 \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u099d\u09c1\u0981\u0995\u09bf\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u0964 \u099c\u09b2\u09be\u09b6\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u0996\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09aa\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u099b\u09b0 \u098f\u0995 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09af\u09bc\u09b8, \u099c\u09be\u09a4, \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09cd\u09af \u0993 \u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09a8\u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09c0 \u09ac\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09a4\u09bf \u0996\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u0993 \u09ac\u09a6\u09b2\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0995\u09bf\u09b6\u09cb\u09b0\u0997\u099e\u09cd\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0996\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09a8\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09ae \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u0987 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u098b\u09a3, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3, \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09be\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09be\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09be\u0993 \u0989\u09a0\u09c7 \u0986\u09b8\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u098f \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u0997\u09c7 \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1 \u0986\u099c\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0996\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09af \u0996\u09b0\u099a \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09ac \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u099a\u09b2\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09af\u09c7 \u09ae\u09cc\u09b8\u09c1\u09ae\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0996\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09ae\u09ac\u09c7, \u09a4\u0996\u09a8 \u0995\u09a4 \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09b2\u09be\u0997\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7, \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09bf\u0993 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u0996\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u09a8\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09b2\u09c7 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8 \u0995\u09ae\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7; \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8 \u0995\u09ae\u09b2\u09c7 \u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u0996\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u09b0\u0993 \u0995\u09ae\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u099b\u09cb\u099f \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u0993 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09a4 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ae\u09cc\u09b8\u09c1\u09ae\u09bf \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09be \u09a6\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0: \u0995\u0996\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0996\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc, \u0995\u0996\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09a4\u09bf \u0996\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09b2\u09be\u0997\u09ac\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09b0 \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be \u0995\u09cb\u09a5\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09b8\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09be: \u09b0\u09cb\u0997 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u099b\u09cb\u099f \u09b8\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09af\u09bc\u0993 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u0985\u09b8\u09c1\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u0996\u09bf\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a4\u09bf \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be \u0996\u09b0\u099a, \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8 \u0995\u09ae\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ae\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u2014\u09b8\u09ac \u09ae\u09bf\u09b2\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u0997\u09a6 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b9 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b9\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098b\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09b2\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u09aa \u0986\u09b0\u0993 \u09ac\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u099d\u09c1\u0981\u0995\u09bf \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09b2\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09a8\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09c7 \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a3\u09bf\u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09a6 \u09a6\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf\u09a4 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09be\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0997\u09a1\u09bc\u09c7 \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u09ac\u09af\u09bc\u09b8, \u098f\u09b2\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u099d\u09c1\u0981\u0995\u09bf \u0993 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af \u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u0964 \u0985\u09b8\u09c1\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5 \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4 \u0986\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0985\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u09ae\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09c1 \u09ac\u09be \u09b9\u09a0\u09be\u09ce \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8 \u0995\u09ae\u09c7 \u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6 \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u0993 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u099c\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7\u0993 \u09ac\u09be\u0987\u09b0\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09ac\u09be \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u0995 \u09a1\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b0\u09cb\u0997 \u09b6\u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u0993 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09b0\u09bf \u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09be\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u09a8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0 \u0993 \u09b8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u09a4\u09c3\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09be: \u098b\u09a3 \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098b\u09a3 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09b2\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u0986\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09af\u09bc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09be, \u0998\u09b0, \u0996\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u0993 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u09b2\u09be\u0997\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u09b0\u09aa\u09b0 \u0986\u09af\u09bc \u0986\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u0997 \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u0996\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u0993 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u0996\u09b0\u099a \u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09a1\u09bf\u09ae \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u0985\u09aa\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u099c\u09b0\u09c1\u09b0\u09bf\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u098b\u09a3 \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0 \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4 \u0995\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc, \u0985\u09a5\u099a \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09a4\u0996\u09a8\u0993 \u0986\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7, \u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09a6\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u0995\u0996\u09a8\u09cb \u0996\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be \u0995\u09ae\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098f\u09a4\u09c7 \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09aa\u09a1\u09bc\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8\u099a\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u099e\u09cd\u099c\u09b8\u09cd\u09af\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09b9\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09a6\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0964 \u098b\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u0997\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u0995\u09a4 \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09b2\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09a8, \u0995\u09a4\u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u0986\u09af\u09bc \u099b\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09be \u099a\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0996\u09be\u09b0\u09be\u09aa \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u0995\u09c0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09ac \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1 \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c1\u0981\u099c\u09bf \u09a8\u09af\u09bc, \u099a\u09b2\u09a4\u09bf \u0996\u09b0\u099a\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c1\u0981\u099c\u09bf\u0993 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u099a\u09a4\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09be: \u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0, \u09ac\u09be\u099c\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u099c\u09a8<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8, \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09a1\u09bf\u09ae \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a6\u09be\u09ae \u09ac\u09be \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0993 \u09b9\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09a6\u09b8\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b9\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09bf\u09a4\u09be \u0989\u09aa\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3, \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a6\u09be\u09ae \u0993 \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be \u0995\u09cb\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09af\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7\u2014\u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1\u0987 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8, \u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09ac \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09be, \u098f\u0995\u09be\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09be\u09ae \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0982\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u09ae\u09cb\u09ac\u09be\u0987\u09b2 \u0986\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u0964 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ae\u09a4, \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09bf\u0987 \u09ac\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc; \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2 \u0995\u09a5\u09be, \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09af\u09c7\u09a8 \u0986\u09af\u09bc \u0993 \u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u09a6\u09c7\u09a8 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09ac\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7 \u0985\u0982\u09b6 \u09a8\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09a8\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u0995\u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09a1\u09bf\u09ae \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9 \u0993 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u0993 \u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u098f\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b9\u09a8 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09af\u09bc \u09ad\u09be\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09a1\u09bc \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09be\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u09af\u09cc\u09a5 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09c7 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09ac, \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09ac\u09a3\u09cd\u099f\u09a8 \u0993 \u09a6\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09ae \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7\u0987 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u09aa\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09ae \u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09be: \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09be \u0996\u09b0\u099a\u09c7 \u09a7\u09b0\u09be<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u098f\u0995\u099c\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09a6\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c1\u0987 \u0998\u09a3\u09cd\u099f\u09be \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b8\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09ec\u09e6 \u0998\u09a3\u09cd\u099f\u09be \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u09b2\u09be\u0997\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af \u09b6\u09c2\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09a7\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09ac \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b2\u09be\u09ad \u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09c7\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09a8 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09a8\u0997\u09a6 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09ac \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af \u09a7\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09ac \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b2\u09be\u09ad \u0986\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u0964 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae\u099f\u09bf \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09b9\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09a4 \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09b2\u0964 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc\u099f\u09bf \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae, \u0998\u09b0 \u0993 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09a4\u099f\u09be \u09b2\u09be\u09ad\u099c\u09a8\u0995\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u0995\u09c7 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u0986\u09a8\u09be \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09a8\u0997\u09a6 \u09ac\u09c7\u09a4\u09a8 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09a8\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0985\u09ac\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u0995\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c3\u09b6\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09a1\u09bc \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u0997\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09a4\u09bf \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af \u0993 \u09a6\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u09e7\u09e6\u09e6\u099f\u09bf \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0989\u09a6\u09be\u09b9\u09b0\u09a3: \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be \u0995\u09c7\u09a8 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09cb \u09b2\u09be\u09ad \u09a8\u09af\u09bc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u09a8\u09bf\u099a\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09ac\u099f\u09bf \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09ae\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u0995 \u0989\u09a6\u09be\u09b9\u09b0\u09a3\u0964 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09a6\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09b0\u09bf\u09aa \u09ac\u09be \u09b2\u09be\u09ad\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09af\u09bc\u09a4\u09be \u09a8\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/strong> \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a1\u09bf\u09ae \u0993 \u0996\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09be\u09ae, \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8, \u09ac\u09af\u09bc\u09b8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09a8\u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09c0 \u0985\u0999\u09cd\u0995 \u09ac\u09a6\u09b2\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u09a7\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u0995, \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09e7\u09e6\u09e6\u099f\u09bf \u09a1\u09bf\u09ae\u09aa\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09be \u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09bf \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u0997\u09a1\u09bc\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u09ec\u09e6\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09af \u09a1\u09bf\u09ae \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u099f\u09bf \u09a1\u09bf\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09be\u09ae \u09a7\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09e7\u09e9 \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u0996\u09be\u09a4<\/th>\u09ae\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
\u09a1\u09bf\u09ae \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf: \u09ec\u09e6 \u00d7 \u09e9\u09e6 \u00d7 \u09e7\u09e9 \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be<\/td>\u09e8\u09e9,\u09ea\u09e6\u09e6 \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be<\/td><\/tr>
\u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09be \u0996\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4 \u0996\u09b0\u099a<\/td>\u09e7\u09eb,\u09e6\u09e6\u09e6 \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be<\/td><\/tr>
\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be, \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b9\u09a8 \u0993 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09a8\u0997\u09a6 \u0996\u09b0\u099a<\/td>\u09e8,\u09eb\u09e6\u09e6 \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be<\/td><\/tr>
\u09a8\u0997\u09a6 \u0996\u09b0\u099a \u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4<\/strong><\/td>\u09eb,\u09ef\u09e6\u09e6 \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
\u09ae\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af<\/td>\u09e9,\u09e6\u09e6\u09e6 \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be<\/td><\/tr>
\u0998\u09b0 \u0993 \u09b8\u09b0\u099e\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ac\u099a\u09af\u09bc, \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6<\/td>\u09e7,\u09eb\u09e6\u09e6 \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be<\/td><\/tr>
\u098f\u09b8\u09ac \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7 \u0985\u09ac\u09b6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f<\/strong><\/td>\u09e7,\u09ea\u09e6\u09e6 \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u098f\u0987 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u0996\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u0996\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8\u09be \u09a8\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u098b\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09a6, \u099c\u09ae\u09bf \u09ac\u09be \u099c\u09b2\u09be\u09b6\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af \u0996\u09b0\u099a \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u0993 \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09a1\u09bf\u09ae \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09a5\u09bf\u09ad\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u098f\u0995\u0987 \u0989\u09a6\u09be\u09b9\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u09a1\u09bf\u09ae \u09ec\u09e6\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09a6\u09b2\u09c7 \u09eb\u09e6\u099f\u09bf \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 \u09e7\u09ef,\u09eb\u09e6\u09e6 \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be\u0964 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0996\u09b0\u099a \u0985\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ac \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u0996\u09b0\u099a\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0 \u09e8,\u09eb\u09e6\u09e6 \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be \u0998\u09be\u099f\u09a4\u09bf \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u0993 \u09b2\u09be\u09ad\u0995\u09c7 \u09b2\u09cb\u0995\u09b8\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ac\u09a6\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a6\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u098f \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09ab\u09b2\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0997\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u09c7 \u0995\u09a4 \u09a1\u09bf\u09ae \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09be\u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09bf \u0995\u09a4 \u0996\u09b0\u099a \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09c7, \u0995\u09a4 \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u0997\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u09a7\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf \u09a8\u09be\u2014\u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09bf\u0993 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09b2\u09be\u09ad\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u0999\u09cd\u0995 \u0986\u099c \u09b8\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09b0\u09bf \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u09e8\u09e6\u09e8\u09e6 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09b9\u09be\u0993\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u09c0\u09a8\u09c7 \u099c\u09bf\u09a8\u09a1\u09bf\u0982 \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09be \u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09a4\u09bf \u0996\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09af \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c8\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09e8\u09eb \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae \u09ac\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09a4\u09bf \u0996\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09af \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09a6\u09b2\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u099f \u0986\u09af\u09bc \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u0995\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u09cb \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0996\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u09bf\u09a4 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u0995 \u0996\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a7\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u0993 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09af\u09bc\u09b8\u09cd\u0995 \u09a1\u09bf\u09ae\u09aa\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09be \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0996\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u0987\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09b0 \u0996\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09a6\u09b0 \u0993 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09b2\u09be\u09ad\u0995\u09c7 \u09e8\u09e6\u09e8\u09ec \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b2\u09be\u09ad \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u0993 \u09a0\u09bf\u0995 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc; \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09ac \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09be\u09ae \u0993 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09a5\u09cd\u09af \u09b2\u09be\u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u09a8\u09a4\u09c1\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09be \u0995\u09c0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u098f\u0997\u09cb\u09ac\u09c7\u09a8<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7 \u09af\u09a4 \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be, \u0996\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u0993 \u09ac\u09be\u099c\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09ac, \u09a4\u09a4\u099f\u09c1\u0995\u09c1 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u09cb\u0964 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3, \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09be\u09aa\u09a6 \u0998\u09b0 \u0993 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a4\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u0997\u09c7\u0987 \u09ac\u09a1\u09bc \u098b\u09a3 \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09be \u099a\u09be\u09aa \u09ac\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09b9\u099c \u0996\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u09aa\u09be\u0981\u099a\u099f\u09bf \u09a4\u09a5\u09cd\u09af \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc: \u09ae\u09cb\u099f \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8, \u09a1\u09bf\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be, \u0996\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0996\u09b0\u099a, \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0985\u09b8\u09c1\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09be \u09ae\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u0964 \u09ae\u09be\u09b8 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u0996\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09b2\u099b\u09c7 \u0995\u09c0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09be \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a1\u09bf\u09ae \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0997\u09cb\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b0 \u09b2\u09bf\u0999\u09cd\u0997, \u099c\u09be\u09a4, \u09ac\u09af\u09bc\u09b8 \u0993 \u0989\u09ce\u09b8 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a4\u09a5\u09cd\u09af \u099c\u09b0\u09c1\u09b0\u09bf\u0964 \u09a1\u09bf\u09ae \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1 \u09a1\u09bf\u09ae \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09cd\u09af \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09b7 \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u099c\u09a8\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09be \u098f\u0995 \u09a8\u09af\u09bc\u2014\u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u0997\u09c7 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09a1\u09bc \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0989\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u0995 \u09ae\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09ac, \u09ae\u09cc\u09b8\u09c1\u09ae\u09bf \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09a4\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09c7\u0964 \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u09cb \u09ae\u09be\u09b8 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09a0\u09bf\u09a8 \u09ae\u09cc\u09b8\u09c1\u09ae\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b0, \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0993 \u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09a3\u09c0\u09af\u09bc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b9\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09bf\u09a4\u09be \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1 \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u09a8\u09af\u09bc\u0964 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09ad\u09be\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be, \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf \u0993 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u0993 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0993 \u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09af\u09bc\u09a8 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09b8\u09c2\u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3, \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u09af\u09cb\u0997, \u099a\u09b2\u09a4\u09bf \u09aa\u09c1\u0981\u099c\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09be\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09be\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u0989\u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u0964 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3 \u098f\u09ae\u09a8 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc \u0993 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7, \u09af\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09b8\u09c2\u099a\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7\u0993 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u09a6\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0964 \u0995\u09a4\u099c\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u09aa\u09c7\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u2014\u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09be\u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09bf \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u09a4\u099c\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u099b\u09c7, \u0995\u09a4\u099c\u09a8 \u098b\u09a3 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09b2\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u099b\u09c7\u09a8, \u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09af\u09bc \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c7\u09a1\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u09b8\u09ab\u09b2 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09a8\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u0995 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09a4\u09be \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a7\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc \u09b2\u09be\u09ad\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09be\u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09bf \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09a4\u09be, \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a4\u09bf \u0993 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u09aa\u0993 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a8\u09a4\u09c1\u09a8 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1\u09a4 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09ac\u09b2\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09cd\u09af: \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u09b0 \u0993\u09aa\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09a8\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u0986\u09a8\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09a1\u09bf\u09ae \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09ae\u09c7\u099f\u09be\u09a4\u09c7, \u09b8\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09af\u09bc \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a8\u09a4\u09c1\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09cb\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09c0 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u0996\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09af, \u09b0\u09cb\u0997, \u09aa\u09c1\u0981\u099c\u09bf \u0993 \u09ac\u09be\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09c7\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u099f\u09bf\u0993 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u09af\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09a4\u09cd\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8, \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u0995\u09c7 \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09ac \u0993 \u09b8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7\u0993 \u099c\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u0997\u09be \u09a6\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u09b2\u09be\u09ad\u09c7\u09b0 \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc \u09b8\u09b9\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a4\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ab\u09b2 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09a4\u0996\u09a8\u0987, \u09af\u0996\u09a8 \u0996\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0986\u09af\u09bc, \u09b8\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09af\u09bc, \u09a6\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a4\u09be \u0993 \u09b8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be\u0993 \u09ac\u09c7\u09a1\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Women\u2019s Self-Reliance Through Duck Farming: Successes and Practical Barriers<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

A research-based report by Dr. Bayezid Moral<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Opening the duck shelter at dawn, providing feed and water, collecting eggs, and separating sick birds\u2014these tasks mark the beginning of the day for many rural women. Cooking, childcare, and household chores follow. Duck farming continues alongside their domestic responsibilities. But does the income from this work remain in their hands? Can they decide whether to expand the farm? Or does duck farming increase their workload without substantially increasing their financial independence?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Duck farming can provide women with a practical source of income. In areas with suitable water bodies, natural feed resources, and markets for duck eggs and meat, small farms can contribute to household livelihoods. However, providing a woman with ducks does not automatically make her self-reliant. She also needs farming skills, working capital, disease prevention support, access to fair markets, and the right to use her earnings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Research conducted in different parts of Bangladesh highlights both the opportunities and the limitations. This report draws on published research and analysis; no fictional success story is presented as a real interview.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What Research Shows: Opportunities to Increase Income<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

A study based on interviews with 80 women duck farmers in the Hakaluki Haor area of Moulvibazar found that duck farming contributed to improvements in their socioeconomic conditions and economic empowerment. The study appeared in the 2015 issue of The Agriculturists<\/em> and was published online in 2016. It suggests that duck farming suited to local conditions can help improve women\u2019s livelihoods. However, findings from a limited sample in one area should not be treated as representative of all women in Bangladesh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Another study covering 50 duck farms in five villages of Karimganj Upazila, Kishoreganj, identified an important imbalance. Women contributed approximately 51% of the total working hours<\/strong> devoted to duck farming, yet their participation in household decision-making was unsatisfactory. Their substantial role in production did not translate into a corresponding level of decision-making authority.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Together, these findings indicate that income from duck farming and women\u2019s self-reliance are related, but they are not equivalent. Increased income must be accompanied by greater control over that income.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Why Duck Farming Offers Opportunities for Women<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

One advantage of duck farming is that, where local conditions are suitable, women can begin on a small scale near their homes. Collecting and selling eggs can generate regular cash income. Keeping some eggs for household consumption can also contribute to family nutrition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, the ability to work close to home should not be interpreted as evidence that women have spare time. Duck farming can lengthen an already demanding day of cooking, caring for children and older family members, collecting water, and completing other tasks. A farm plan should therefore include responsibilities for other household members.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Through duck farming, a woman can develop skills in purchasing feed, recording production, negotiating with buyers, and saving money. These skills can be useful beyond the farm. For these benefits to emerge, she needs access to training and opportunities to engage directly with markets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Success Requires More Than an Increase in Duck Numbers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Expanding from 20 ducks to 100 indicates farm growth. But if a woman\u2019s debts also increase, she has no control over her earnings, or her daily workload becomes unmanageable, that growth cannot be considered complete success.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Several factors should be assessed together.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Area of assessment<\/th>Key question<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Actual income<\/td>How much remains after all costs are deducted?<\/td><\/tr>
Control over money<\/td>Can the woman receive and use the sales proceeds herself?<\/td><\/tr>
Decision-making authority<\/td>Does her opinion influence duck purchases, sales, and farm expansion?<\/td><\/tr>
Value of labour<\/td>Is her working time included in the calculation?<\/td><\/tr>
Savings and security<\/td>Are funds available to withstand disease outbreaks or market shocks?<\/td><\/tr>
Quality of life<\/td>Are income gains accompanied by improvements in rest, health, and family circumstances?<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Without answering these questions, judging a programme solely by the number of ducks distributed or farms established leaves much of the reality unexamined.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

First Barrier: Feed Costs and Seasonal Changes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Starting a farm on the assumption that ducks require no purchased feed because they can forage is risky. Natural feed availability in water bodies changes throughout the year. Supplementary feed requirements also vary according to the ducks\u2019 age, breed, production goals, and farming system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Kishoreganj study identified high feed costs as one of the problems faced by duck farmers. It also reported limitations in access to credit, training, veterinary services, and markets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A farm plan must therefore consider more than today\u2019s feed expenses. It should estimate how much money may be needed when natural food becomes scarce. A shortage of money for feed can reduce production, which can further weaken the farmer\u2019s ability to purchase feed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Even a small farm needs a seasonal plan: when natural food is available, when supplementary feed will be necessary, and how those expenses will be financed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Second Barrier: Disease Can Wipe Out Small Savings<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

When ducks become sick, the loss extends beyond individual birds. Treatment expenses, reduced production, and deaths can disrupt the farm\u2019s cash flow. Loan repayments can add further pressure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the beginning, women farmers should establish contact with the local livestock office or a registered veterinarian. Disease prevention plans should reflect the birds\u2019 age, local disease risks, and applicable vaccines. Farmers also need arrangements for separating sick ducks promptly and obtaining advice when unusual deaths or sudden production declines occur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accessibility of services matters. A woman may be the farm\u2019s principal caregiver, yet restrictions on travelling or calling a veterinarian can delay action after she identifies a problem. She therefore needs direct access to service contacts and the authority to seek assistance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Third Barrier: Obtaining a Loan and Managing It Are Different Challenges<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ducklings, housing, feeders, and water facilities require initial investment. Feed and care must then be financed before the farm begins generating income. This waiting period is particularly important for farms established to produce eggs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If repayments begin soon after ducks are purchased, while the farm has yet to earn revenue, the household must use other income to pay the instalments. Sometimes farmers reduce feed spending to meet repayments, weakening the farm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Financing for women entrepreneurs should therefore match the production cycle. Before deciding on a loan amount, lenders and farmers should assess how many ducks the woman can manage, how long she must operate without income, and how repayments could be met under unfavourable conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Working capital is just as necessary as the money used to establish the farm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fourth Barrier: Women Raise the Ducks, but Others Control the Market<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

A woman may care for the ducks every day while someone else sets the selling price or receives the money. Assistance from family members can be valuable. However, if she does not know the production volume, selling price, or destination of the proceeds, her economic authority remains limited.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Possible measures include keeping sales records accessible to her, checking prices offered by several buyers, and enabling payments into a bank or mobile financial services account in her name. Households can choose arrangements suited to their circumstances. The essential requirement is that the woman understands the transactions and participates in decisions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Local women farmers can also explore collecting and selling eggs together. This may help them share transport expenses and reach larger buyers. Joint ventures, however, need clear rules for recordkeeping, payment distribution, and responsibilities from the outset.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fifth Barrier: Treating Women\u2019s Labour as Free<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

If a woman spends two hours a day working on the farm, she contributes approximately 60 hours of labour each month. Assigning that time no value makes the farm appear more profitable than it actually is.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cash surplus and profit calculated after accounting for all resources are different measures. The first shows how much cash remains. The second considers the value of labour, housing, and investment to assess the enterprise\u2019s economic performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Including women\u2019s labour in the accounts does not mean every household task must immediately receive a cash wage. It means recognising their contribution and discussing the value and distribution of additional work before expanding the farm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

An Example with 100 Ducks: Why Sales Revenue Is Not All Profit<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The following is an illustrative monthly calculation based on assumptions. It is not a survey of current market prices or a guarantee of profit.<\/strong> Actual figures will vary with local egg and feed prices, production, bird age, and farming practices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Assume a farm has 100 laying female ducks, produces an average of 60 saleable eggs a day, and receives BDT 13 per egg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Item<\/th>Monthly amount<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Egg sales: 60 \u00d7 30 \u00d7 BDT 13<\/td>BDT 23,400<\/td><\/tr>
Assumed purchased feed cost<\/td>BDT 15,000<\/td><\/tr>
Health management, transport, and other cash expenses<\/td>BDT 2,500<\/td><\/tr>
Surplus after cash expenses<\/strong><\/td>BDT 5,900<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
Assumed value of the owner\u2019s labour<\/td>BDT 3,000<\/td><\/tr>
Allowance for housing and equipment depreciation and duck replacement<\/td>BDT 1,500<\/td><\/tr>
Amount remaining after these allowances<\/strong><\/td>BDT 1,400<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The assumed feed expense is not a feeding recommendation. Loan interest, land or water-body rent, and other applicable expenses must also be included. Eggs retained for household consumption can be recorded separately at an appropriate value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the same example, if daily egg output falls from 60 to 50, monthly sales decline to BDT 19,500. With the other costs unchanged, the farm would face a BDT 2,500 shortfall after all the listed expenses. A modest change in production can therefore turn profit into loss.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A success story should report not only how many eggs were sold, but also the costs, duck deaths, and whether the owner\u2019s labour was included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Historical Profit Figures Cannot Be Applied Directly Today<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

A study published in 2020 examined the growth and returns of Jinding ducklings raised by haor households under different supplementary feeding arrangements. Under the specific experimental conditions, the group receiving 25 grams of supplementary feed per duck per day achieved comparatively better net returns per bird. The findings highlight the importance of planned supplementary feeding alongside local natural food resources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, this was an experiment involving duckling growth and returns. Its findings should not be used to determine feed quantities for adult laying ducks. Likewise, profits calculated using feed and selling prices from that period should not be presented as 2026 profit estimates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Research can inform management decisions. A current business calculation requires local prices and the farm\u2019s own production records.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How New Women Entrepreneurs Can Proceed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The initial flock should match the number of ducks the farmer can care for, feed, and sell products from reliably. Taking a large loan to purchase many ducks before securing training, safe housing, and buyers can create unnecessary pressure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A simple notebook can record five daily items: the number of ducks, egg production, feed expenses, sales receipts, and illness or deaths. At the end of each month, these records will help reveal how the farm is performing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When purchasing ducklings for future egg production, reliable information about sex, breed, age, and source is essential. Producing eggs for consumption and producing fertile eggs for breeding have different requirements regarding male ducks. The farming objective should be clear before purchases are made.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expansion decisions should follow several months of records, experience across seasonal conditions, and an assessment of the farmer\u2019s working capacity. Expanding after just one good month can create difficulties in the next challenging season.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What Families, Government, and Development Organisations Should Do<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Family support involves more than providing money to purchase ducks. It includes sharing care duties, allowing women time to rest, and ensuring that their views influence sales and investment decisions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Government and development programmes should combine duck distribution with training, links to local veterinary services, working-capital planning, and market connections. Training must be scheduled at times and locations women can realistically attend.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Programme evaluation should also change. Alongside the number of women receiving ducks, it should examine how many farms survive, how many farmers can manage their debts, who has accumulated personal savings, and whose decision-making authority has increased.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Experienced women farmers can be involved as local trainers. Their accounts should cover losses, setbacks, and workload as well as earnings. This helps new entrepreneurs begin with realistic expectations and better preparation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Goal of Self-Reliance: Control Over One\u2019s Own Earnings<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Duck farming can bring meaningful change to women\u2019s lives. Regular income from egg sales can meet household needs, support savings, and create opportunities for investment. Sustaining that change requires attention to feed, disease, finance, and markets, together with decision-making within the household.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The woman who cares for the ducks must also have a place in the farm\u2019s accounts and decisions. Her labour should be recognised. She needs the right to use the profits and access to support when losses occur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A woman\u2019s duck farm has succeeded when her income, savings, skills, and decision-making power have grown alongside the farm.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Khanum, R., and Salim Al Mahadi, M. Economic Empowerment of Haor Women through Duck Farming in Bangladesh<\/em>. The Agriculturists, 13(1), 18\u201325.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Afrin, H., et al. Profitability Analysis and Gender Division of Labour in Duck Rearing: A Case of Kishoreganj District in Bangladesh<\/em>. Progressive Agriculture, 27(4), 482\u2013489.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Parvez, S., Miah, M. Y., and Khan, M. H. Smallholder Duck Farming: A Potential Source of Livelihood in Haor Women in Bangladesh<\/em>. Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 2020, 6(1), 73\u201380.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09ac\u09b2\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09be: \u09b8\u09ab\u09b2\u09a4\u09be \u0993 \u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac \u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09be \u09a1. \u09ac\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099c\u09bf\u09a6 \u09ae\u09cb\u09a1\u09bc\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09a6\u09a8 \u09ad\u09cb\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0998\u09b0 \u0996\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be, \u0996\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u0993 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be, \u09a1\u09bf\u09ae \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9, \u0985\u09b8\u09c1\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5 \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8 \u0986\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u2014\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc \u098f\u09b8\u09ac \u0995\u09be\u099c \u09a6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u09b0\u09aa\u09b0 \u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09be, \u09b8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09a8\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09b6\u09cb\u09a8\u09be, \u0998\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u0964 \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09a4\u09cd\u09a8 \u099a\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09be\u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u098f\u0987 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0986\u09af\u09bc […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":9516,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[733,742],"tags":[636,682,3907,6703,463,6697,262,6705,6702,6706,6701,6695,6682,5023,6704,6699,6696,6700,460,6698,131],"class_list":["post-9515","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-poultry-2","category-duck-farming","tag-agriculture-news","tag-agriculturenews24-com","tag-bangladesh","tag-duck-eggs","tag-duck-farming","tag-female-farmers","tag-poultry-news","tag-rural-livelihoods","tag-women-empowerment","tag-women-entrepreneurs","tag-6701","tag-6695","tag-6682","tag-5023","tag-6704","tag-6699","tag-6696","tag-6700","tag-460","tag-6698","tag-131"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/agriculturenews24.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9515","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/agriculturenews24.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/agriculturenews24.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agriculturenews24.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agriculturenews24.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=9515"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/agriculturenews24.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9515\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9520,"href":"https:\/\/agriculturenews24.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9515\/revisions\/9520"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agriculturenews24.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/9516"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/agriculturenews24.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=9515"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agriculturenews24.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=9515"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agriculturenews24.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=9515"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}